References and documentation

	PEARL, SWAP and GeoPEARL documentation
	European and Dutch registration
	PEARL applications
	Before the PEARL age

PEARL, GeoPEARL and SWAP documentation

• Boesten, J.J.T.I., A. Tiktak, and R.C. van Leerdam. 2007. Manual of PEARLNEQ v4. Statutory Research Tasks Unit for Nature and Environment Working Document 71, Alterra, MNP, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 34.  View now (0.4 MB)
• Kroes, J.G., J.C. van Dam, Groenendijk, P., Hendriks, R.F.A., and Jacobs C.M.J.2008. SWAP version 3.2. Theory description and user manual. Alterra-report 1649, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 262.  View now (2.2 MB)
• Leistra, M., A.M.A. van der Linden, J.J.T.I.Boesten, A. Tiktak and F. van den Berg. 2001. PEARL model for pesticide behaviour and emissions in soil-plant systems. Description of processes. Alterra report 13, RIVM report 711401009, Alterra, Wageningen, 107 pp.  View now (2.2 MB)
• Tiktak, A., F. van den Berg, J.J.T.I. Boesten, M. Leistra, A.M.A. van der Linden and D. van Kraalingen. 2000. Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales: User Manual of FOCUS Pearl version 1.1.1. RIVM Report 711401008, Alterra Report 28, RIVM, Bilthoven, 142 pp.  View now (2.2 MB)
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden and J.J.T.I. Boesten. 2003. The GeoPEARL model. Model description, applications and manual RIVM Report 716601007/2003, RIVM, Bilthoven, 79 pp.  View now (2.2 MB)
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden, J.J.T.I. Boesten, R. Kruijne, and D. van Kraalingen. 2004. The GeoPEARL model. Part II. User Guide and model description update. RIVM report 716601008/2004. RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.  View now (2.2 MB)
• Van Dam, J.C. 2000. Field scale water flow and solute transport. SWAP concepts, parameter estimation, and case studies.Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.  View now (7.8 MB)
• Van Dam, J.C., J. Huygen, J.G. Wesseling, R.A. Feddes, P. Kabat, P.E.V. van Walsum, P. Groenendijk and C.A. Van Diepen, 1997. Theory of SWAP version 2.0. Simulation of water flow, solute transport and plant growth in the Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant environment. Technical Document 45, DLO Winand Staring Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
• Van den Berg, F., D.J. Brus, S.L.G.E. Burgers, G.B.M. Heuvelink, J.G. Kroes, J. Stolte, A. Tiktak, and F. de Vries. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of GeoPEARL. Alterra report 1330, PBL-report 500123001, Wageningen, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.  View now (1.9 MB)

European and Dutch registration

• Cornelese, A.A., J.J.T.I. Boesten, M. Leistra, A.M.A. van der Linden, J.B.H.J. Linders, J.W. Pol and A.J. Verschoor. 2003. Monitoring data in pesticide registration. RIVM report 601450015/2003, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.  View now (0.2 MB)
• FOCUS Soil Modeling Working Group. 1997. Soil Persistence models and EU registration. DG VI. European Commission, Doc. 7617/VI/96, Brussels, pp. 74. Visit the FOCUS website.
• FOCUS. 2000. Focus groundwater scenarios in the EU pesticide registration process. Report of the FOCUS Groundwater Scenarios Working Group, EC document. Visit the FOCUS website.
• Jones R.L., J.J.T.I. Boesten, R. Fischer, B. Gottesbueren, K. Hanze, A. Huber, T. Jarvis, M. Klein, M. Pokludova, B. Remy, P. Sweeney, A. Tiktak, M. Trevisan, M. Vanclooster, and J. Vanderborght. 2007. Assessing potential impact to ground water in the EU and Member State registration procedures. XIII Symposium Pesticide Chemistry - Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects, p. 881-889. La Goliardica Pavese s.r.l., Pavia, Italy. ISBN 978-7830-473-4.  View abstract.
• Kruijne, R., A. Tiktak, D. van Kraalingen, J.J.T.I. Boesten and A.M.A. van der Linden. 2004. Pesticide leacing to the groundwater in drinking water abstraction areas. Analysis with the GeoPEARL model. Alterra report 1041, Alterra, Wageningen, the Netherlands.  View now (2.2 MB)
• Van der Linden, A.M.A., J.J.T.I. Boesten, T.C.M. Brock, G.M.A. van Eekelen, M.M.S. ter Horst, F.M.W. de Jong, M.H.M.M. Montforts, and J.W. Pol. 2008. Revised proposal for the risk assessment of persistence of plant protection products in soil. RIVM report 601712003/2008. RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.  View now (0.4 MB)
• Van der Linden, A.M.A., J.J.T.I. Boesten, T.C.M. Brock, G.M.A. van Eekelen, M.M.S. ter Horst, F.M.W. de Jong, M.H.M.M. Montforts, and J.W. Pol. 2008. Evaluation of the 2006 proposal for risk assessment of persistence of plant protection products in soil. RIVM report 601712002/2008. RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.  View now (0.4 MB)
• Van der Linden, A.M.A., J.J.T.I. Boesten, A.A. Cornelese, R. Kruijne, M. Leistra, J.B.H.J. Linders, J.W. Pol, A. Tiktak, and A.J. Verschoor. The new decision tree for the evaluation of pesticide leaching from soils RIVM report 601450009/2004, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. View now (2.2 MB)
• Van der Linden, A.M.A., C.G.E.M. van Beek, J.J.T.I. Boesten, M. Leistra, C.R. Meinardi, L.M. Puijker. Beoordeling van het gedrag van bestrijdingsmiddelen in de verzadigde bodem RIVM report 715801005, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. View now (1.5 MB)
• Verschoor, A.J., J.J.T.I. Boesten, M. Leistra, A.M.A. van der Linden, J.B.H.J. Linders, J.W.W. Pol. Evaluation of pesticide leaching in lysimeter and field studies. Parent substances. RIVM report 601506007/2001. RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.  View now (0.4 MB)

PEARL applications

• Beltman, W.H.J., J.J.T.I. Boesten, and S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee. 2008. Spatial moment analysis of transport of nonlinearly adsorbing pesticides using analytical approximations. Water Resources Research 44(W05417):1-12.  View abstract.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. 2000. Modeller subjectivity in estimating pesticide parameters for leaching models using the same laboratory data set. Agric. Water Mgmt, (44):389-409. View abstract.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. 2004. Influence of dispersion length on leaching calculated with PEARL, PELMO and PRZM for FOCUS groundwater scenarios. Pest Management Science (60):971-980.  View abstract.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. 2007. Simulation of Pesticide Leaching in the Field and in Zero-Tension Lysimeters. Vadose Zone Journal (6):793-804.  View abstract.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. and B. Gottesbüren. 2000. Testing PESTLA by two modelers for bentazone and ethoprophos in a sandy soil. Agric. Water Mgmt (44):283-305. View abstract.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I., and A.M.A. van der Linden. 2001. Effect of long-term sorption kinetics on leaching as calculated with the PEARL model for FOCUS scenarios. BCPC Symposium Pesticide Behaviour in Soils and Water, Brighton, 13 - 15 November 2001. Symposium Proceedings no. 78, p. 27-32.  View article.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I., and L.J.T. van der Pas. 2000. Movement of water, bromide ion and the pesticides ethoprophos and bentazone in a sandy soil: Description of the Vredepeel data set. Agric. Water Mgmt (44):21-42. View abstract.
• Bouraoui, F. 2007. Testing the PEARL model in the Netherlands and Sweden. Environmental Modelling and Software (22):937-950. View abstract.
• Deneer, J. A.M.A. van der Linden, R. Luttik and R. Smidt. 2003. Development of an Environmental Indicator that can be used on National and Regional Scales. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 641-648. View abstract.
• De Nie (Eds.). 2002. Emissions of pesticides to the environment. Evaluation of the policy goals of the Long-Term Crop Protection Plan. RIVM report 716601004, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, pp. 160 (Dutch with English summary).  View abstract.
• Jarvis, N., J.J.T.I Boesten, R. Hendriks, M. Klein, M. Larsbo, S. Roulier, F. Stenemo and A. Tiktak. 2003. Incorporating macropore flow into FOCUS PEC Models. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 963-972. View abstract.
• Leterme, B., M. Vanclooster, A.M.A. van der Linden, A. Tiktak and M.D.A. Rounsevell. 2007. The consequences of interpolating or calculating first on the simulation of pesticide leaching at the regional scale. Geoderma (137):414-425.  View abstract.
• Leterme, B., M. Vanclooster, A.M.A. van der Linden, A. Tiktak and M.D.A. Rounsevell. 2007. Including spatial variability in Monte Carlo simulations of pesticide leaching. Environ Science and Technology 41(21):7444-7450.  View abstract.
• Leistra, M. and A. Wolters. 2004. Computations on the volatilisation of the fungicide fenpropimorph from plants in a wind tunnel. Water, Air and Soil Pollution (157):133-148.  View abstract.
• Leistra, M. J.H. Smelt, J.H. Weststrate, F. van den Berg, and R. Aalderink. 2006. Volatilisation of the pesticides chlorpyrifos and fenpropimorph from a potato crop. Environ. Sci. & Technol. (40):96-102.  View abstract.
• Pineros Garcet, J.D., Vanclooster, M, Tiktak, A, De Nie, D.S and Jones, A. 2003. Methodological Approach for Evaluating First Tier PEC Groundwater Scenarios Supporting the Prediction of Environmental Concentrations of Pesticides at the European Scale. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 951-962. View abstract.
• Scorza Junior, R.P., and J.J.T.I. Boesten. 2005. Simulation of pesticide leaching in a cracking clay soil with the PEARL model. Pesticide Management Science (61):432-448.  View abstract.
• Tiktak, A. 2000. Application of pesticide leaching models to the Vredepeel dataset. II. Pesticide fate. Agric. Water Mgmt (44):119-134. View abstract.
• Tiktak, A., Boesten, J.J.T.I., and van der Linden, A.M.A. 2002. Nationwide assessments of non-point source pollution with field-scale developed models: The pesticide case. In: G.J. Hunter and K. Lowell (Eds.) Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment (Accuracy 2002), Melbourne, July 2002, pp. 17-30. View abstract.
• Tiktak, A., J.J.T.I. Boesten, A.M.A. van der Linden, and M. Vanclooster. 2006. Mapping Ground Water Vulnerability to Pesticide Leaching with a Process-Based Metamodel of EuroPEARL. Journal of Environmental Quality(35):1213-1226.  View abstract.
• Tiktak, A., De Nie, D.S., van der Linden, A.M.A., and Kruijne, R. 2002. Modelling the Leaching and Drainage of Pesticides in the Netherlands: The GeoPEARL model. Agronomie (22):373-387. View abstract.
• Tiktak, A., D.S. de Nie, J.D. Pineros Garcet, A. Jones, and M. Vanclooster. 2004. Assessment of the pesticide leaching risk at the Pan-European level. The EuroPEARL approach. Journal of Hydrology(289):222-238.  View abstract.
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden, and L.J.T. van der Pas. 1998. Application of the Pesticide Transport Assessment Model to a field-study in a humic sandy soil in Vredepeel, the Netherlands. Pestic. Sci (52):321-336. View abstract.
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden, and G. Uffink. 2005. Pesticide Transport in the Groundwater at the National Scale: Coupling an Unsaturated Zone Model with a Groundwater Flow Model. In: N.R. Thomson (ed). Bringing groundwater quality research to the watershed scale. IAHS Publ. 297, 2005, 441-448.  Full paper.
• Vanclooster, M., Armstrong, A., Baouroui, F., Bidoglio, G., Boesten, J.J.T.I., Buraeul, P., Capri, E., De Nie, D.S., Fernandez, E., Jarvis, N., Jones, A., Klein, M., Leistra, M., Linneman, V., Pineros Garcet, J.D., Smelt, J.H., Tiktak, A., Trevisan, M., Van den Berg, F., Van der Linden, A.M.A., Vereecken, H., Wolters, A. 2003.Effective Approaches for Predicting Environmental COncentrations of Pesticides: The APECOP project. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 923-931. View abstract.
• Vanclooster, M. and J.J.T.I. Boesten. 2000. Application of nine pesticide leaching models to the Vredepeel dataset. I. Water. solute and heat transport. Agric. Water Mgmt. (44):105-117. View abstract.
• Vanclooster, M., J.J.T.I. Boesten, A. Tiktak, N. Jarvis, J.G. Kroes, R. Munoz-Carpena, B.E. Clothier and S.R. Green. 2004. On the use of unsaturated flow and transport models in nutrient and pesticide management. In: R.A. Feddes et al. (eds.). Unsaturated zone modelling, 331-361. Wageningen Frontis Book series 6, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.  View abstract.
• Vanclooster, M., J.J.T.I. Boesten, M. Trevisan, C.D. Brown, Capri, Vacek, Eklo, B. Gottesbürren, Gouy and A.M.A. van der Linden. 2000. A European test of pesticide-leaching models: Methodology and major recommendations. Agric. Water Mgmt (44):1-3.
• Van den Berg, A. Wolters, N. Jarvis, M. Klein, J.J.T.I. Boesten, M. Leistra, V. Linneman, J.H. Smelt and H. Vereecken. 2003. Improvement of concepts for pesticide volatilisation from bare soil in PEARL, PELMO and MACRO models. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 973-983. View abstract.
• Van den Berg, F., A. Tiktak, G.B.M. Heuvelink, S.L.G.E. Burgers, D.J. Brus, F. de Vries, J. Stolte, J. Kroes. 2007. Propagation of uncertainties in soil and pesticide properties in predicted pesticide leaching in the Netherlands using the GeoPEARL model. In: XIII Symposium Pesticide Chemistry - Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects. La Goliardica Pavese s.r.l., Pavia, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7830-473-4.  View abstract.
• Van der Linden, A.M.A., A. Tiktak, J.J.T.I. Boesten and R. Kruijne. 2003. Comparison of GeoPEARL with the Single Scenario Approach in Pesticide Registration and Policy Evaluation. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 499-506. View abstract.
• Van der Linden, A.M.A., A. Tiktak and M. Leistra. 2001. Incorporation of pH-dependent behaviour in pesticide leaching assessment. BCPC Symposium Pesticide Behaviour in Soils and Water, Brighton, 13 - 15 November 2001. Symposium Proceedings no. 78, p. 45-50.  View abstract.
• Wolters, A., M. Leistra, V. Linneman, J.H. Smelt, F. van den Berg, M. Klein, N. Jarvis, J.J.T.I. Boesten and H. Vereecken. 2003. Pesticide volatilisation from plants: Improvement of the PEARL, PELMO and MACRO models. In: A.A.M. Del Re, E. Capri, L. Padovani, M. Trevisan (Eds.). Pesticide in air, plant, soil & water system. Proceedings of the XII international Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, June 4-6, 2003, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 985-994. View abstract.

Before the PEARL age

• Boesten, J.J.T.I. 1986. Behavior of pesticides in soil: Simulation and experimental assessment. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. and A.M.A. van der Linden, 1991. Modeling the influence of sorption and transformation on pesticide leaching and persistence. Journal of Environmental Quality (20):425-435. View abstract.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. 1991. Sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model for pesticide leaching to groundwater. Pestic. Sci. (31):375-388.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I., and L.J.T. van der Pas. 1997. Movement of water, bromide ion and the pesticides ethoprophos and bentazone measured in a sandy soil in Vredepeel (the Netherlands). SC-DLO report no. 122, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
• Boesten, J.J.T.I. 2000. From laboratory to field: uses and limitations of pesticide behaviour models for the soil-plant system. Weed Research (40):123-138.
• Freijer, J.I., A. Tiktak, S.M. Hassanizadeh and A.M.A. van der Linden. 1996a. PESTRAS v3.1.: A one dimensional model for assessing leaching, accumulation and volatilisation of pesticides in soil. RIVM report 715501007, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. View report.
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden, and F.A. Swartjes. 1994. PESTRAS: A one dimensional model for assessing leaching and accumulation of pesticides in soil. RIVM report no. 715501003, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden, and I. Leine. 1996a. Application of GIS to the Modeling of Pesticide Leaching on a Regional Scale in the Netherlands. In: D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (Ed.). Application of GIS to the Modeling of Non-Point Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone. SSSA-Special Publication number 48, pp. 259-281.
• Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden and R.C.M. Merkelbach. 1996b. Modeling pesticide leaching at a regional scale in the Netherlands. RIVM report no. 715801008, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. View report.
• Tiktak, A. 1999. Modeling Non-Point Source Pollutants in Soils. Applications to the Leaching and Accumulation of Pesticides and Cadmium. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 224. View thesis.
• Van den Berg, F. 1992. Emission of fumigants from soil and dispersion in air. Ph.D. thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 224.
• Van den Berg, F. and J.J.T.I. Boesten. 1999. Pesticide leaching and Accumulation model (PESTLA) version 3.4. Description and User's Guide. Technical Document 43, DLO Winand Staring Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 150 pp.
• Van den Berg, F., J.H. Smelt, J.J.T.I. Boesten and W. Teunissen. 1999. Volatilization of methyl isothiocyanate from soil after application of metam-sodium with two techniques. Journal of Environmental Quality (28):918-928.